Mafuta yanayopatikana kwenye fukwe za bahari, moshi wa magari, takataka na bidhaa nyinginezo zinazotupwa hapa na pale ni vichafuzi vya mazingira. Vichafuzi huathiri afya zetu na kuathiri wanyama pamoja na mimea. Wanadamu wayachafua mazingira yao kwa kila aina ya bidhaa mbaya za kikemikali zinazotoka viwandani au kwenye viwanda vya kawi au nguvu. Bidhaa hizo ni matokeo ya maisha ya siku hizi anayoishi binadamu.
Licha ya ukweli huu, ni muhimu kujua kuwa uchafuzi wa mazingira haukuanza leo. Miaka na miaka iliyopita, viwanda vimekuwa vikitoa mawingu makubwa ya moshi wenye sumu. Hata hivyo, uchafuzi wa mazingira umeongezeka maradufu kutokana na kuongezeka kwa viwanda. Uchafuzi umesambaa ardhini, kwenye anga na majini. Msambao huu unapatikana katika pembe zote za ulimwengu wetu. Je, kuna aina zipi za uchafuzi?
Kwanza kuna uchafuzi wa halianga. Huko juu angani kuna tabaka linalojulikana kama ozoni. Tabaka hili huwa ni kama gesi ya oksijeni na linaunda kinga fulani dhidi ya miale ya jua. Miale hiyo ya jua huweza kusababisha saratani ya ngozi inapomfikia binadamu. Hata hivyo, uchafuzi wa mazingira
unaelekea kiliathiri tabaka hili. Vilevile baadhi ya kemikali zinazotumiwa katika friji au jokofu au kwenye mikebe ya marashi ya kupulizia na upakiaji bidhaa, huharibu ukanda huo.
Aina nyingine ya uchafuzi ni ile tunayoweza kuuita uchafuzi wa kiajali. Huu ni uchafuzi ambao hutokea kama ajali, yaani binadamu hatendi kimakusudi. Mfano mzuri ni meli inayovuja mafuta baharini. Mafuta haya huwaathiri na kuwaua wanyama wanaoishi baharini kama samaki na ndege na hata kuyaharibu mazingira yenyewe.
Miji mikubwa hukumbwa na uchafuzi mwingine unaohusiana na kuwako kwa idadi kubwa ya magari. Magari haya hutoa moshi unaochanganya gesi ambazo huungana na nyingine zinazoletwa na viwanda vikumbwa. Mchanganyiko huu unapoungana na maji, husababisha mvua ya asidi. Mvua hii huweza kuiua mimea, kuathiri majengo na hata kuwaua wanyama pori ambao huenda wakayatumia maji hayo.Magari hutoa moshi uliochanganyika na madini aina ya risasi ambayo huweza kuathiri siyo tu mazingira bali pia mfumo wa akili wa binadamu.
Uchafuzi mkubwa unaopatikana katika mazingira mengine yetu ni utupwaji ovyo wa takataka. Fauka ya hayo, watu hufukia ardhini takataka ambazo huweza kuwa na matokeo mabaya kwa sababu ya kupenyeza kwenye udongo na maji yanayotumiwa na watu na mimea. Kila siku tunatupa takataka bila ya kujali wala kubali. Takataka hizi ni kama makopo, mifuko ya plastiki, mabaki ya sigara au maganda ya matunda. Baadhi ya takataka ni hatari kwa wanyama na nyingine huweza kusababisha majanga kama moto. Aidha, takataka hizi hufanya mazingira yetu yaonekane machafu.
Sote tunajukumu kubwa la kuchangia kupunguza uchafu wa kimazingira ya kwanza ni kuelimishana na kutambua umuhimu wa usafi wa mazingira yetu. Tunapaswa kutia takataka zetu katika vijalala maalum au mahali tunapoweza kuzichoma na kuziteketeza. Njia nyingine ni kuhakikisha kuwa tunatunza vitu kama mifuko, chupa na kadhalika ambavyo huweza kuunda upya na kutumiwa tena. Hali kadhalika, katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, kumekuwapo na juhudi za kuwahimiza wenye magari kutumia mafuta ya gari ambayo hayana madini ya risasi. Kwa njia hii tutasaidia kuyaboresha mazingira yetu. Vilevile pana umuhimu wa kutilia mkazo utumiaji wa bidhaa ambazo zinaweza kuoza na kuvunjikavunjika au kusagika na kuwa sehemu ya udongo. Hatua ya kwanza ya kupambana na uchafuzi wa mazingira ni kujielimisha na kuwajibika. Kila mmoja akitoa mchango wake tutafanikiwa. Kumbuka kuwa kinga na kinga ndipo moto uwakapo.
Maswali
a) Vichafuzi ni nini? (alama 1)
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b) Ongezeko la viwanda limechangiaje uchafuzi wa mazingira ? (alama 2)
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c) Tabaka la ozoni huathiriwaje na uchafuzi ? (alama 2)
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d) Athari zipi zitatokea iwapo mazingira hayatatunzwa? Fafanua. (alama 4)
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e) Kwa nini miji mikubwa hukumbwa na uchafuzi kuliko sehemu zingine ? (alama 2)
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f) Eleza nui mbili za uchafuzi wa mazingira zilizotajwa katika kifungu hiki. (alama 2)
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g) Eleza maana za misamiati ifuatayo kama ilivyotumiwa katika kifungu. (alama 2)
i) Msambao
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ii) Mazingira
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15 marks
2. UFUPISHO (Alama 15)
Soma kifungu kifuatacho kisha ujibu maswali
2.
Mwezi jana, Serikali ya kitaifa na zile za kaunti ziliwasilisha makadirio yao ya bajeti, miezi miwili kabla ya mwaka wa kifedha kuisha kama zinavyohitajika na katiba. Serikali hizo zilieleza jinsi zinavyonuia kutumia mabilioni ya pesa kufadhili shughuli zao mwaka ujao wa kifedha wa 2013/2014.
Serikali ya Rais Uhuru Kenyatta ilisema itatumia shilingi 1.6 Trilioni kufadhili maendeleo na shughuli za sekta na idara zake tofauti. Makadirio haya ambayo yaliwasilishwa na kiongozi wa walio wengi bungeni, Bw Aden Duale. Hata hivyo yalikosa kueleza jambo moja muhimu – jinsi kitita hicho kitakavyopatikana. Nasema hivi kwa sababu kuna habari ambazo zimenipa tumbojoto na wasiwasi mkubwa. Imebainika kuwa kufikia mwishoni mwa Machi mwaka huu, Kenya ilikuwa inadaiwa Shilingi 1.8 Trilioni na wafadhili wa humu nchini na kigeni.
Kama habari hizi hazijakushtua sitakulaumu kwa sababu huenda ukawa hujui ukubwa wa kiasi hiki cha fedha. Ili uweze kuelewa, nitazigawanya fedha hizi miongoni mwa wakenya milioni 40 ili tujue kila mkenya anadaiwa kiasi gani. Kila mkenya nchini, wakiwemo watoto na wazee wakongwe, anadaiwa Shilingi 45,000 ! Hivyo basi ili deni hili liweze kulipwa, kila mkenya atalazimika kutoa kiasi hicho cha fedha.
Ni deni ambalo Rais Uhuru Kenyatta alirithi kutoka kwa mtangulizi wake, Rais Mwai Kibaki ambayo utawala wake ulivunja rekodi ya kukopa. Wahenga hawakukosea waliposema dawa ya deni ni kulipa. Deni hili linapaswa kumkosesha usingizi Rais Kenyatta ambaye anapaswa kutafuta njia za kulilipa bila kuathiri uchumi, maendeleo na utekelezaji wa ahadi nyingi alizowapatia wakenya wakati wa kampeni.
Hili halitafanyika kama serikali itatenga fedha nyingi kuwalipa maafisa wake mishahara na marupurupu minono pamoja na kuwapa mabilioni ya pesa kununulia magari ya kifahari. Pengine Rais
hajafahamishwa kuwa mwaka ujao wa kifedha serikali itajipata pabaya kwani Halmashauri ya ukusanyaji ushuru nchini (KRA), haitaweza kukusanya kiwango kilichowekewa na serikali baada ya shughuli ya ushuru kutatizwa na hofu iliyotanda wakati wa uchaguzi KRA imekusanya shilingi 560 bilioni kufikia mwishoni mwa Machi ilhali ilikuwa imeagizwa kukusanya shilingi 881 bilioni.
Serikali za kaunti, ambazo zingali changa, zimependekeza kutumia mabilioni ya fedha ambazo hazitaweza kukusanya. Badala yake zimeomba serikali kuu ijaze pengo hilo au zipewe idhini ya kukopa.
Rais Kenyatta hana budi kuchukua hatua za dharura kuhakikisha kuwa wakenya hawataendelea
kuandamwa na madeni maishani mwao.
Maswali
a) Kwa maneno yasiyozidi 70, fupisha aya za kwanza nne. (alama 10, 1 mtiririko)
Matayarisho
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Pigia mstari silabi inayowekwa shadda katika tungo lifuatalo:
Walituchochea
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1 marks
5.
Tunga sentensi moja kubainisha kiwakilishi kiambata nafsi ya kwanza wingi.
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2 marks
6.
Taja matumizi manne ya kiimbo.
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2 marks
7.
Tunga sentensi kuonyesha matumizi mawili ya kistari kifupi (-).
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2 marks
8.
Andika katika usemi wa taarifa.
‘Mbona unamfanyia karaha mwenzako? Je, utaenda kumwomba radhi?’ Phanice aliuliza.
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4 marks
9.
Andika katika hali ya mazoea.
Mtambo ambao unakarabatiwa leo utatufaa.
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2 marks
10.
Andika kwa ukubwa wingi.
Mke wa mzee huyu hupenda mtoto huyu sana.
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2 marks
11.
Changanua kwa kutumia mtindo wa jedwali.
Wazazi wengi sana waliofika shuleni mapema walileta vyakula vingi sana.
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4 marks
12.
Yakinisha sentensi hii katika umoja.
Msipohama hapa hamtapewa makazi mapya
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2 marks
13.
Onyesha kiima, chagizo na yambwa tendewa katika sentensi hii.
Mkulima alimfungia mwajiri ng’ombe kondeni.
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3 marks
14.
Tunga sentensi ukitumia kitenzi ‘pwa’ katika kauli ya kutendea. (alama 2)
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2 marks
15.
Eleza matumizi ya ‘ji’ katika sentnsi hii.
Mwimbaji amejikata jidole lake kwa jiwe.
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2 marks
16.
Tunga sentensi moja ukitumia kinyume cha neno ‘lewa’.
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2 marks
17.
Tunga sentensi yenye kiigizi na kihusishi cha mahali.
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2 marks
18.
Tunga sentensi moja kuonyesha tofauti ya maana kati ya ‘guna’ na ‘kuna’
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2 marks
19.
Ainisha vitenzi katika tungo lifuatalo.
Huyu alikuwa angali bwenini.
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2 marks
20.
Unganisha sentensi hizi ukitumia kiunganishi cha kinyume.
Wananchi walikabiliwa na hatari
Wananchi waliendelea kuwaokoa majeruhi.
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2 marks
4.ISIMU JAMII (Alama 10)
Jibu swali lifuatalo.
21.
Eleza mambo matano yaliyochangia kuenea kwa Kiswahili nchini kabla na baada ya uhuru.
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